1. Code on Wages, 2019
- Key Change: Uniform definition of “wages” across sectors; minimum wage floor set by the central government.
- Positive Impact: Reduces ambiguity, ensures a basic income standard nationwide.
- Concerns: Enforcement in informal sectors remains uncertain; state-level variations may still cause disparities.
2. Industrial Relations Code, 2020
- Key Change: Increases the threshold for prior government approval for layoffs, retrenchment, and closure from 100 to 300 workers.
- Positive Impact: Greater flexibility for employers; may encourage hiring.
- Concerns: Could weaken job security for workers; collective bargaining power may be diluted.
3. Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions (OSH) Code, 2020
- Key Change: Consolidates safety and welfare provisions; applies to all establishments with 10+ workers.
- Positive Impact: Brings uniformity in safety standards; includes provisions for women to work night shifts with safeguards.
- Concerns: Implementation capacity, especially in smaller enterprises, may be limited.
4. Code on Social Security, 2020
- Key Change: Extends social security benefits to gig and platform workers.
- Positive Impact: Recognizes new forms of employment; potential to improve welfare coverage.
- Concerns: Funding mechanisms for gig worker benefits are still unclear; actual coverage may be patchy.
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